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Sent-down youth
The sent-down, rusticated, or "educated" youth, also known as the ''zhiqing'', were the young people who—beginning in the 1950s until the end of the Cultural Revolution, willingly or under coercion—left the urban districts of the People's Republic of China to live and work in rural areas as part of the "Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement".〔 "The Zhiqing and the Rustication Movement "Zhiqing" is the abbreviation for zhishi qingnian, which is usually translated as "educated youth." (Zhishi means "knowledge" while qingnian means "youth.") The term zhishi qingnian appeared during "〕〔China's Sent-Down Generation 2013 216 "zhiqing: Contraction of zhishi qingnian, ..."〕 The vast majority of those who went had received elementary to high school education, and only a small minority had matriculated to the post-secondary or university level.〔The A to Z of the Chinese Cultural Revolution -Guo Jian, Yongyi Song, Yuan Zhou - 2009 p74 "EDUCATED YOUTHS (zhishi qingnian or zhiqing). Although college graduates were also included in its original definition, this term, as commonly understood today, refers mainly to urban and suburban middle-school and high-school graduates during the Cultural Revolution who went to the... to be reeducated by the farmers there"〕
==Origins==
After the People's Republic of China was established, in order to resolve employment problems in the cities, starting in the 1950s youth from urban areas were organized to move to the rural countryside, especially in remote towns to establish farms. As early as 1953, the ''People's Daily'' published the editorial "Organize school graduates to participate in agricultural production labor". In 1955, Mao Zedong asserted that "the countryside is a vast expanse of heaven and earth where we can flourish", which would become the slogan for the Down to the Countryside Movement. Beginning in this year, the Communist Youth League organized farming, and encouraged the youth to cultivate the land. From 1962, it was suggested that the Down to the Countryside Movement be nationally organized, and in 1964 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established an oversight group. In 1966, under the influence of the Cultural Revolution, university entrance examinations were suspended and until 1968, many students were unable to receive admittance into university or become employed.〔Shu Jiang Lu, ''When Huai Flowers Bloom'', p 114-5 ISBN 978-0-7914-7231-6〕 Additionally, the chaos surrounding the Revolution from 1966 to 1968 caused the Communist Party to realize that a way was needed to assign the youth to working positions, to avoid losing control of the situation. On December 22, 1968, Chairman Mao directed the ''People's Daily'' to publish a piece entitled "We too have two hands, let us not laze about in the city", which quoted Mao as saying "The intellectual youth must go to the country, and will be educated from living in rural poverty." and in 1969 many youth were rusticated.〔Shu Jiang Lu, ''When Huai Flowers Bloom'', p 115 ISBN 978-0-7914-7231-6〕 High school students were organized and assigned to the countryside on a national level.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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